What Is Relapsing Polychondritis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What Is Relapsing Polychondritis?

Relapsing Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune cartilage disease. In this condition, the body’s immune system attacks its own cartilage. Cartilage is the firm, flexible tissue found in the ears, nose, joints, and airways. Because of this attack, the cartilage becomes swollen, painful, and sometimes damaged. Although the cause is not fully understood, this disease can affect people of any age. However, it often appears in adults between 40 and 60 years old. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for managing symptoms and preventing complications.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms of relapsing polychondritis can vary from person to person. Often, symptoms come and go. For example, you may feel fine for weeks, then have a flare-up. Common symptoms include:

Red, swollen, or painful ears (especially the outer ear)

Nose pain or swelling

Joint pain or swelling

Eye redness or pain

Hoarse voice or trouble breathing

Fatigue or feeling tired

Sometimes, symptoms may affect only one area at first. Over time, other parts of the body can also be involved. If you notice these signs, it is important to seek medical advice.

Causes and Risk Factors

Doctors do not know the exact cause of relapsing polychondritis. However, it is known as an autoimmune disease. This means the immune system attacks healthy tissue by mistake. Several factors may increase the risk, such as:

Having another autoimmune disease, like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis

Family history of autoimmune conditions

Middle age (most cases appear between ages 40 and 60)

Even though these factors may play a role, anyone can develop this disease. More research is needed to fully understand why it happens.

How Is It Diagnosed?

Diagnosing relapsing polychondritis can be tricky. There is no single test for this condition. Instead, doctors use a mix of medical history, physical exams, and tests. For example, your doctor may:

Ask about your symptoms and when they started

Check for swollen or red ears, nose, or joints

Order blood tests to look for signs of inflammation

Use imaging tests, like MRI or CT scans, to check cartilage

Sometimes, take a small sample of cartilage for testing (biopsy)

Because symptoms can look like other diseases, it may take time to get a clear diagnosis. Working with a specialist, such as a rheumatologist, can help.

Treatment Options

There is no cure for relapsing polychondritis, but treatment can help control symptoms. Early treatment can also prevent damage to cartilage. Common treatment options include:

Anti-inflammatory medicines, like NSAIDs, to reduce pain and swelling

Steroids (such as prednisone) to control severe symptoms

Drugs that calm the immune system (immunosuppressants) for long-term control

Pain relievers for comfort

Physical therapy to keep joints flexible

Your doctor will choose the best treatment plan based on your symptoms and health. Sometimes, you may need to try different medicines to find what works best.

Living With Relapsing Polychondritis

Living with this disease can be challenging, but many people manage it well. With the right care, you can reduce flare-ups and protect your cartilage. Here are some helpful tips:

Take medicines as prescribed

See your doctor regularly for check-ups

Rest when you feel tired

Eat a healthy, balanced diet

Stay active, but avoid overdoing it during flare-ups

Let friends and family know how they can support you

Because symptoms can change, it is important to keep track of how you feel. This helps your doctor adjust your treatment if needed.

Prevention and Outlook

Currently, there is no known way to prevent relapsing polychondritis. However, early diagnosis and treatment can help control symptoms and prevent serious problems. Most people with this disease can lead active lives with proper care. Still, some may have long-term effects if the disease is not managed well. Regular follow-up with your healthcare team is key to staying healthy.

If you notice symptoms of relapsing polychondritis, consult a healthcare specialist for personalized advice.