Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae (vertebral joints). Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to the fusion of the vertebrae, resulting in stiffness and reduced mobility of the spine. AS can also affect other joints and organs in the body.
Symptoms and Diagnosis:
The hallmark symptom of AS is pain and stiffness in the lower back and buttocks, which is typically worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity and improves with movement. As the condition progresses, the stiffness may become persistent. Other symptoms include pain and stiffness in other joints (such as hips, knees, and shoulders), fatigue, and difficulty expanding the chest when breathing deeply.
Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like sulfasalazine or biologics (such as TNF inhibitors) that target specific parts of the immune system.
Physical Therapy: Specific exercises and stretching techniques to maintain flexibility, improve posture, and strengthen the muscles supporting the spine and joints. Physical therapists can also provide guidance on correct posture and body mechanics.
Lifestyle Modifications: Regular exercise, especially exercises that promote spinal flexibility (like swimming or yoga), maintaining a healthy weight, and quitting smoking to reduce the risk of complications.
Joint Care: Using heat or cold therapy to relieve pain and stiffness, using supportive devices (such as orthotics or supportive footwear) to minimize stress on joints, and adapting workstations and daily activities to reduce strain on the spine.
Patient Education and Support: Providing information and resources about managing AS, including strategies for coping with pain and fatigue, and connecting patients with support groups or counseling services.