Reactive Arthritis

Reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter’s syndrome, is a type of inflammatory arthritis that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body. It typically affects joints, the urethra, and the eyes, causing inflammation and discomfort. Here’s a detailed overview to help understand this condition:

Causes:
Reactive arthritis is triggered by an infection, most commonly from bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, or Yersinia. The infection usually occurs in the urinary tract, intestines, or genitals. For reasons not entirely understood, the body’s immune response to the infection can lead to inflammation in the joints and other areas.

Joint Pain and Swelling: Typically in the knees, ankles, and feet, often asymmetrically.
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra causing pain during urination and discharge.
Conjunctivitis: Redness, pain, and discharge from the eyes.
Skin Rashes: Characterized by red, scaly patches on the palms or soles (keratoderma blennorrhagicum) or small, painless sores on the penis or vulva.
Enthesitis: Inflammation at the site where tendons and ligaments attach to bone, causing pain and tenderness.

Diagnosis: Diagnosing reactive arthritis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and tests to rule out other conditions. Tests may include blood tests to check for signs of inflammation (e.g., elevated C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate), joint fluid analysis, and cultures to identify the triggering infection.

Treatment: Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, reduce inflammation, and address the underlying infection if present. Depending on the severity and symptoms, treatment options may include:

Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation.
Antibiotics: If an ongoing infection is identified as the trigger.
Corticosteroid Injections: Into affected joints for more severe inflammation.
Physical Therapy: To improve joint function and mobility.
Supportive Measures: Rest, ice application, and joint protection techniques.